Switched-Mode Regulators and Power Supplies (KPI course text, 2010)

This KPI course text connects pulse control to average energy transfer. Its core material is the switching interval: an inductor or transformer stores and releases energy according to switch state, while the output capacitor absorbs the difference between pulsating converter current and load current. Duty cycle controls an ideal conversion ratio only after the conduction mode, volt-second balance, topology, and loss assumptions are stated.

Concepts graduated into GTK #

The text surveys buck-like and boost-like DC conversion, pulse regulators, controlled AC voltage, and isolated switching supplies. GTK keeps the common state-based reasoning: draw each switch interval, identify the current path, apply inductor volt-second and capacitor charge balance at periodic steady state, then add ripple, losses, limits, and control dynamics.

It also motivates the separation between a DC–DC stage and a complete power supply. A supply adds input rectification or filtering, isolation where required, startup power, regulation across line and load, current limit, fault shutdown, EMI control, thermal design, and safe discharge.

Visual audit #

All 11 figures were inspected. The useful figures are circuit topologies and waveforms; their scans contain dated semiconductor symbols and are less readable than compact redrawn schematics. GTK therefore uses verified SVG diagrams for the state paths and keeps no raster copy from this source. No physical apparatus photograph or geometry is present.

Limits #

The text's qualitative topology relationships remain useful. Switching frequency, magnetic materials, controller implementation, synchronous rectification, wide-bandgap devices, standby-power constraints, conducted/radiated emissions, isolation construction, and safety compliance must be designed from current primary documentation.